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The conventional FWI is exposed to cycle skipping especially when the initial model is inadequate and the ultra-low frequencies are not present in the observed data. If the FWI does not have the power to mitigate the cycle skipping then initial velocity must be built by traveltime tomography. This way the model building would comprise of travel-time tomography followed by FWI and finish the flow with travel-time tomography. The industry is working towards how FWI would overcome on half wavelength convergence criteria in order to start the iterative model updates at higher avaiable frequency. Mitigting cycle skiping is even more imprtant when the reflection based FWI is employed to build the deep update in the model.Going beyond the conventional and reflection-based FWI's half wavelengths criteria allows us to employ FWI in the velocity model building flow even there is only relativley high starting frequnecies present in the data collection. If broad band data acquisition or processing avaible then FWI robustness is ensured.

Does broadband address the cycle skipping of full waveform inversion in complex areas