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The Troup Southern Oscillation Index The Troup Southern Oscillation Index (Troup 1965) is calculated from the standardised difference between the mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) between Tahiti and Darwin, and the SOI used in this article is ten times the standardised monthly anomaly of the difference in MSLP between Tahiti and Darwin. The Tahiti MSLP data are provided by Météo France interregional direction for French Polynesia. Figure 1 shows the SOI values from January 2004 to November 2008, together with a five-month weighted moving average. The means and standard deviations used in Fig. 1 are based on a sixty-year climatology (1933-1992). The positive values of the SOI starting from August 2007 continued through to the end of spring 2008, with only one exception (−4.3 in May 2008). Monthly values for the season were +14.1 (September), +13.4 (October) and +17.1 (November), resulting in a seasonal value of +14.9. The positive SOI values were largely the result of above average MSLP at Tahiti, while the MSLP at Darwin fluctuated around climatology in September, October and November 2008. For these three months, the MSLP anomalies at Darwin were −0.3, +0.3 and −0.7 hPa, respectively; at Tahiti, the anomalies were +2.0, +2.5 and +1.9 hPa, respectively. A composite monthly El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, which is calculated as the standardised amplitude of the first principal component1 of five variables (5VAR): monthly MSLP2 at Darwin and Tahiti, and monthly NINO3, NINO3.4 Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (spring 2008): La Niña pattern returning across the equatorial Pacific