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The sequence of positive values of the Southern Oscillation Index1 (SOI) which began in August 2007 continued through to the end of winter 2008, interrupted by just one negative monthly value (−4.3 in May 2008). Autumn 2008 saw the end of one positive phase of the Southern Oscillation (Duell 2009), with winter seeing the beginning of another one. Monthly values for the season were +5.0 (June), +2.2 (July) and +9.1 (August), resulting in a seasonal value of +5.4. Figure 1 shows the monthly SOI from January 2004 to August 2008, together with a five-month weighted moving average. A composite monthly ENSO index, calculated as the standardised amplitude of the first principal component2 of monthly Darwin and Tahiti MSLP3 and monthly NINO3, NINO3.4 and NINO4 sea surface temperatures (SSTs)4 (Kuleshov et al. 2008) confirms the end of the 2007-08 La Niña (Fig. 2). This index remained consistently negative from May 2007 to June 2008, embarking on another sequence of consistently negative values in August. Monthly values of the index in the season were −0.51 (June), +0.03 (July) and −0.11 (August). The June-July and July-August values of the Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) bi-monthly Multivariate El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) Index (MEI; Wolter and Timlin 1993, 1998) were +0.028 and −0.206 respectively. The MEI5 was consistently negative from May-June 2007 to April-May 2008, the June-July value being the second weakly positive Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (winter 2008): ENSO neutral but positive phases for both IOD and SAM