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Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) reconstructs epicardial potentials and electrograms from body-surface electrocardiograms and a torso-heart geometry. For clinical purposes, local activation and recovery times are often more useful than epicardial electrograms. However, noise and fractionation can affect estimation of activation and recovery times from reconstructed electrograms. Here, we employ a method for activation and recovery time estimation that detects the simultaneous presence of spatial and temporal features associated with a passing wavefront and evaluate this in a series of canine experiments. We show that estimation of activation times is more accurate when this spatiotemporal approach is used, however, recovery times are best determined with a temporal-only approach. Additional spatial smoothing further benefits activation and recovery time estimation in all cases. This results in a median beat origin localization error of only one centimeter, which could expedite catheter-based diagnostic evaluation and ablation in clinical settings.

Spatiotemporal Activation Time Estimation Improves Noninvasive Localization of Cardiac Electrical Activity