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The starting point in the debate proposed in this paper alludes to the positivist aspect of health in addition to the theory of social justice as a mechanism for democratization and empowerment of health services. With this characteristic, the concept of health is approached as the state of multidimensional well-being, which goes beyond the simple absence of disease or pathophysiological involvement, raising special interest regarding the legal aspects that permeate the maintenance of good health rates in the aged. In this context, this essay aims to analyze the legal protection of social rights of the elderly in the Republic of Costa Rica (RCR). This is a documentary revision on the normative related to the human aging, having as object of analysis the State’s behavior in favor of the welfare of the aged citizens, materialized in positive internal normative. This paper intends to contribute to the study of Central American sanitary law, precisely from a geronto-sanitary point of view, which defends the interrelation between law and politics, having as its fundamental issue human aging (individual sphere) and population aging (collective sphere). The current approach to the issues related to human aging is undergoing changes that involve more than the mere modification of social and health care models, it is therefore necessary to analyze the 1 Este artigo configura versão aperfeiçoada do resumo apresentado no Congresso Internacional de Políticas Públicas (ConiPUB), promovido pelo Centro de Altos Estudos em Direito (CAED-Jus) e a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, 2019. 2 Graduado em Saúde Coletiva pela Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA). Mestrando no Programa de Pós-graduação em Gerontologia pela Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UNEATLANTICO/España). Residente (Especialização) no Programa Multiprofissional em Saúde da Família (UNILA). Possui Acreditação Internacional Nível Básico em Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, pela Organização Pan-americana da Saúde (OPAS, 2018). E-mail: stevengumu@gmail.com. Proteção legal em favor das pessoas da terceira idade na República da Costa Rica: saúde como direito social Cadernos de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas ano XVIII vol. 18 no 31 págs. 229-248 jan./jun. 2021 UESB Vitória da Conquista/BA pág. 230 legal-sanitary framework offered, in order to understand the organization of care and of the assistance offered.