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During my Master of Arts studies on Holocene human remains from Indonesia and Malaysia, I was the beneficiary of excellent supervision from Colin Groves and the late Alan Thorne. At the time, the general view was that the ‘Mongoloid’ features of most Southeast Asians reflect the late Holocene immigration of their ancestors from Northeast Asia into a region previously inhabited by largetoothed ‘Australoids’ (e.g. Jacob, 1967a; Howells, 1973; Bellwood, 1978). At the same time, Christy Turner was developing an alternative perspective of long-term continuity in Southeast Asia of a ‘Sundadont’ dental morphology complex, distinguished from the ‘Sinodont’ complex of Northeast Asia and the New World by features such as less marked incisor shovelling (e.g. Turner, 1983). Also, some biological anthropologists were developing a model that explained post-Neolithic craniodental changes in terms of biological adaptation to changed selection pressures (e.g. Carlson and van Gerven, 1977). The driving force, according to this model, was the reduced demand on the masticatory apparatus associated with the Neolithic transition, as people now grew crops low in fibrous content, and often cooked their food in pots to soften it further. Hence, my MA thesis proposed that Southeast Asia’s late Holocene transition to smaller teeth and jaws, and broader and less robust crania, reflected local adaptation to the reduced need for large tooth mass (Bulbeck, 1981, 1982).

Changes in human tooth-size and shape with the Neolithic transition in Indo-Malaysia