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Indigenous placenames of nOlih-west Victoria originate in what has been described as the western Kulin group of languages which were traditionally spoken across the region.' More particularly in tenns of this paper, Wergaia speakers occupied the northem Wimmera and much of the Mallee and were bounded on the north-east from around Lalbert Creek by speakers of Wemba Wemba. Current knowledge of the placenames of this area is limited by problems common to other areas of 'settled' Australia, involving a lack oflmowledge of the dynamics of European naming processes, in addition to ignorance of that of the original inhabitants. As relevant surveyors' field notes do not appear to have survived, there are no data extant on the language affiliation of the 'native guides' necessary for early caliographic expeditions, and very little infonnation on other indigenous sources for early placename compilations. Later problems experienced elsewhere across settled Australia, such as the migration of placenames, particularly during the creation of parish-based land divisions, have made the situation even more confusing. An example from the region of such migration is seen in the case of the placename Carapugna, currently found between the towns of Birchip and Nullawil. In the division of the area into a parish system in the late nineteenth centmy, Carapugna moved 35 kilometres east of its earliest recorded position and changed from being the name of an outstation on the MOlion Plains pastoral run, to being the name of a newly created parish. During the same period, Whirily became a parish placename located well to the north of its original location referring to a waterhole on the Wirrimbirchip pastoral run. More unusually, it appears to have metamorphosed into a fonn involving the Irish surname O'Reilly for a time, before resuming a supposedly indigenous form with the creation of parishes. The meaning of these placenames and indeed many others in the area remains opaque, despite the identification of original locations.

Blown to Witewitekalk: Placenames and Cultural Landscapes in North-West Victoria