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It is commonly stated that information systems continue to be plagued by persistently high rates of failure. However, we argue in this paper that the relationship between success and failure is more complex than usually assumed, and based in the different expectations that different stakeholders have of a development effort. The expectation failure concept of Lyytinen and Hirschheim is used as a starting point for discussion leading to the introduction of a new concept that we call ‘defining characteristics’. We then proceed with a discussion of the implications of this new concept for ideas about success and failure and use a case study conducted by the second author to illustrate these ideas. Introduction Information systems success and failure have been much discussed in the literature for many years (e.g. Brooks, 1974; Davis et al, 1992; DeLone and McLean, 1992; Fortune and Peters, 2005; Lucas, 1975; Lyytinen and Hirschheim, 1987; McFarlan, 1981; Sauer, 1993). It seems, however, that the general assumption in all of these cases has been that the two concepts, success and failure, are inverses of each other. That is, a failure is by definition not a success and vice versa. While this appears natural enough and in accord with common sense, we argue against this view in this paper contending instead that the 1 Previously of the Australian Defence Force Academy when this work was undertaken. 2 Previously of the University of Canberra when this work was undertaken.

Poles Apart or Bedfellows? Re-conceptualising Information Systems Success and Failure