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Not long ago my family and I attended ‘live day’ at the Howick Historical Village in Auckland’s eastern suburbs. These occur once a month, when local enthusiasts dress in nineteenth century costume to enliven visitors’ experiences of the village (which, incidentally, is very good). We attended a church service, sat through a hilarious Victorian pantomime and saw the village blacksmith at work. The high point for me was the visit to the village school where an elderly school ma’am gruffly inspected our fingernails, endeavoured unsuccessfully to teach us to add and subtract pounds, shillings and pence, and instructed us in the history of the local community. Nineteenth century Howick possessed a large population of Irish Fencibles, we were told, ex-British army men and their families who were encouraged to settle on the land to provide a bulwark against troublesome Maori tribes and secure the Crown interest in the colony. Enlistment in the British Army went against the grain for these Fencibles, our teacher continued, because the Irish disliked the English. Unfortunately for them, the harsh economic conditions in nineteenth century Ireland left people with little choice but to take what employment they could get. This was a familiar narrative to me, one that will be recognisable to historians of the Irish in many other parts of the former British Empire. At its heart is the late-twentieth century observer’s conundrum of Ireland’s relationship with its neighbouring island: how and why was it that the peoples of a nation whose relationship with England was so tumultuous appear so often to be key collaborators in the establishment and perpetuation of the British Empire? It is a question that has received close scrutiny from historians of Ireland lately; as Nicholas Canny pointed out, ‘the question of whether Irish people who participated in many of Britain’s imperial projects were truly committed to the cause or were some type of fifth column is one that — like the ‘gendering of Empire’ — has been brought to the fore’.1 While increasing attention has fo-

Marginal Micks or Mainstream Men and Women? Irishness and Britishness in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century New Zealand