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It is often assumed that customary concepts of common property must hamper development, and must be eradicated in favour of more individualistic ownership which promotes entrepreneurial approaches and wealth generation. Such assumptions are not new. History presents some strong supporting evidence for their validity, but also raises questions, particularly in relation to equity in resource distribution. In Scotland, for example, the transformation two centuries ago from the communally based run-rig system to the enclosure of the land into individual plots laid the basis for land improvement, agricultural intensification and the introduction of new crops and livestock. Without such changes the population could not have sustained itself, and these new forms of resource management fostered wide-ranging development. However there were also some disadvantages. Many people became landless and were forced either to seek subsistence land elsewhere, usually in ecologically marginal areas, or to migrate to distant lands such as Australia or Canada. More commonly, they moved to the cities to become factory workers in the burgeoning industries of the period. While many of those displaced reaped undoubted economic benefit these changes certainly caused some social dislocation which, although healed by time, must have initally made a significant impact. This agricultural intensification also generated some long-term changes which have been detrimental to the Scottish environment as a whole.

Common property conflict and resolution: Aboriginal Australia and Papua New Guinea