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Over the past two decades there has been a revolution in the life sciences with extremely rapid advances in genomics, synthetic biology, biotechnology, neuroscience and the understanding of human behaviour. The speed of progress is staggering. For example, in 1999 a special meeting of the National Academies of Sciences and the Society of Neuroscience noted that ‘[t]he past decade had delivered more advances than all previous years of neuroscience research combined’.1 Many of these developments have great potential to benefit humankind—in, for example, the production of more effective, safer medicines.2 Concern has been raised, however, by a growing number of those in the scientific and medical communities regarding the ‘dual-use’ nature of certain advances with the consequent danger of the new technologies being misused for the development of a new range of chemical or biological weapons. Meselson has stated that ‘[d]uring the century ahead, as our ability to modify fundamental life processes continues its rapid advance, we will be able not only to devise additional ways to destroy life, but also be able to manipulate it including the processes of cognition, development and inheritance’.3

Exploring the Role of Life Scientists in Combating the Misuse of Incapacitating Chemical and Toxin Agents