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Sometime before April in 1922, a group of women in Mindanao posed for a photograph. Two of them had come to the Philippines as missionaries from the United States. Four were Filipinas associated with the mission. It is difficult to image what occasion befits the range of clothing they wear. The Filipina women’s choice of fine attire—the elegant terno—denotes a formal celebration;1 yet the youngest of them is dressed more casually and a la americana. The American women are all in white, one in almost the exact pattern of dress as the young Filipina, the other with a nurse’s cap and uniform. Some eye the photographer warily, letting uncertainty or impatience or weariness show in their expressions. One of the missionaries twists her foot sideways. The painted backdrop is standard for a studio, but here its awkward distance behind the group creates the impression that these women are on stage. They seem selfconscious and unsure what we may make of their performance (Figure 31).

Bibles, Baseball and Butterfly Sleeves: Filipina Women and American Protestant Missions, 1900–1930