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I suggest that this represents the first poem about Antarctica as we know that continent in its essentially modern sense. Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner obviously has strong claims to priority in the poetry of the extreme southern regions, because it was first published in 1798, after, and probably inspired by, James Cook’s second voyage of 1772–75. But when Coleridge’s poem appeared there was little sense of a substantial continent. In the Rime Antarctica is implied — an icy and a terrifying presence — rather than mentioned. While Cook was the first to penetrate southward below the Antarctic Circle, and, in his lengthy and well-documented voyage, to circumnavigate the polar continent, he did not discover it in any spatial sense. Indeed, he was aware himself of the limitations of his achievement in terms of his commission to search for the near-legendary Southern Continent. In his Journal, Cook wrote, ‘I had now made a circuit of the Southern Ocean in a high latitude and traversed it in such a manner as to leave not the least room for the Possibility of there being a continent, unless near the Pole and out of the reach of Navigation ... That there may be a continent or large tract of land near the Pole, I will not deny’.2

Thulia: a Tale of the Antarctic (1843): The earliest Antarctic poem and its musical setting