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"Social engineer" and "social engineering" are te1ms which have been current in the discourse of the industrialized world for more than a hundred years. These are, however, concepts which are difficult to capture and define without ambiguity. In this article l shall examine the occurrences of the two terms in an American context during the twentieth century. ' It would seem that William Tolman, the American advocate of social "betterment" in industry, coined the terms social engineer and social engineering with instrumental intent at the turn of the nineteenth century. The social engineer was to make workers efficient in approximately the same way as the technical engineer made machines efficient.2 It did not take long for the terms to be carried over from industry into the realm of politics. The social engineer came to be associated with expe1t s of reformist ambitions or with social reformers of utopian visions. 3

Social Engineering, 1899-1999: An Odyssey through <i>The New York Times