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Research objective: To analyze the importance of Sïghnaq both as the “port of Dasht-i Qïpchaq” and as a “mausolean city (where the tombs of rulers of nomadic regimes were placed for generations and many charitable facilities and shrines for saints were built)” for the Left Hand of the ulus of Jochi – a nomadic state of the Dasht-i Qïpchaq. Another aim is to reexamine the significance of the possession of Sïghnaq for the so-called “Qazaq/Kazakh Khanate” (the Urusids from the Jochid Left Hand) in their conflict for the Turkestan region with the Shaybānīds/Abū’l-Khayrids (the so-called “Uzbeks”) in the last third of the fifteenth century. Through these objectives, I would like to rethink the significance of cities for the nomadic regime. Research materials: The following materials were analyzed: Muʻīn al-Dīn Naṭanzī’s Muntakhab al-Tawārīkh-i Muʻīnī, and especially its jadwar (“table [of the dynasty]”) in the Paris manuscript of this work, which has not received sufficient attention; Kamāl al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Razzāq Samarqandī’s Maṭlaʻ-i Saʻdayn wa Majmaʻ-i Baḥrayn; Faḍl Allāh b. Rūzbihān Khunjī’s Mihmān-nāma-yi Bukhārā; Kamāl al-Dīn ʻAlī Binā’ī’s Shaybānī-nāma; Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥaydar Dughlāt’s Tārīkh-i Rashīdī; Ḥāfiẓ-i Tanīsh b. Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī’s Sharaf-nāma-yi Shāhī; Qādir ‘Alī Beg’s historiography (Jāmi‘ al-Tavārīkh); and four additional documents from Sïghnaq. Results and novelty of the research: From the description of Muʻīn al-Dīn Naṭanzī’s Muntakhab al-Tawārīkh-i Muʻīnī, and especially from the jadwar in the Paris manuscript of this work, we can understand that cities under the rule of the Jochid Left Hand in the middle and lower Syr-Darya, especially Sïghnaq, began to take on the character not only of political, military, and economic centers and winter quarters, but also of “mausolean cities”, as early as the fourteenth century. Based on historical sources, Sïghnaq continued to possess the character of a “mausolean city” until the seventeenth century. In the conflict for the Turkestan region between the Qazaqs (the Urusids from Jochid Left Hand) and the Shaybānīds, the Qazaqs finally succeeded in their attempt to possess Suzaq and Sïghnaq, located in the northern part of the region. The Qazaqs attempted to possess Sïghnaq because among all the cities of the Turkestan region, it was the capital and a “mausolean city” for the Jochid Left Hand, especially the Urusids. In addition, it had acquired importance for the Qazaq nomadic state as “the port of Dasht-i Qïpchaq” located in the northern part of the Turkestan region.

Sïghnaq as the “Port of Dasht-i Qïpchaq” and a “Mausolean City”: The Period from the Jochid Left Hand to the Foundation of the Qazaq Khanate