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gers got this. ‘As you can see we are on a bit of a roller coaster. So just sit back, tighten your seatbelts and enjoy the ride’. In cultural terms you could use the generalisation, many Germans are more process-orientated and value more detailed technical information whereas many Americans are more results-oriented and just need to feel reassured that the pilot knows what he (it was a ‘he’) is doing and that the result will be successful. The relaxed general description of the turbulence as ‘a bit of a roller coaster’ and the advice to ‘sit back, tighten your seatbelts and enjoy the ride,’ was all the reassurance they needed. Lewis has travelled worldwide and speaks twelve languages (ten European and two Asian) and has experience of running language schools and directing language school chains all over the world. However, he has especially deep experience of Finland and Japan, and this is reflected in many of the stories in the book. Thus, a number of stories concern Japanese politeness. When he was living in Tokyo a house near him caught fire early in the morning. It was made of wood, and burned to the ground. The following day the owner of the house called on Richard Lewis and all his neighbours with presents to apologise for the discomfort to their sleep caused by the fire. At a loss to know how to respond, Richard Lewis and his wife sent a letter of commiseration to the owner, as did his neighbours down the street. There are many stories like this in the book. Marina Dzashi, anchor person on Russia Today and host of International Business Ethics used to live and work in Japan and especially enjoyed Lewis’s stories of the differences between Western and Eastern business cultures, especially regarding relationship building and communication. As for the Finns, many are noted for being quite taciturn and tend to be modest about their achievements. Lasse Viren, an Olympics winning long distance runner did an English course at Riversdown House, Richard Lewis’s training centre in the southwest of England. At the end of their course students were asked to make a presentation or write an essay to conclude their studies. Lasse Viren chose an essay. Richard Lewis asked Viren’s teacher how she judged the essay. ‘Very creditable’, the teacher replied, ‘and quite interesting. Only one funny thing though... He never mentioned running.’ Used appropriately, according to nationality or environment, teachers and trainers can adapt many of these stories as critical incidents to discuss relationships between people from different cultures and how they can deal with each other. They can also use chapters – many are very short, just one and a half pages – as the basis of extensive reading exercises at upper intermediate and advanced level to explore cultural differences and appreciate situations from another’s point of view. As Bennett says in his preface, we no longer need to travel to experience cultural difference. It has come to us through the globalisation of business, hyperconnected communication, immigration, and political and climate change refugees. ‘The frontier of intercultural communication is now next door.’ Marina Dzashi endorses Bennett’s observations. ‘This book’, she writes, ‘full of real-life stories and critical incidents, is an excellent guide that will give you the right set of tools to understand people from a reality that may be vastly different from yours and will help you develop what the world sometimes needs most of all, cross-cultural empathy.’ Developing intercultural empathy is what it is all about. Training, Language and Culture

Soft power: The new great game for global dominance (a review)