English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Concentrates used in ruminant nutrition are rich in proteins and carbohydrates, but many of them are deficient in several essential nutrients, such as lipids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Grains contain quite small amounts of fats (on average 3.6%), and while linoleic acid is the major n-6 fatty acid (FA) found in grains, α-linolenic acid (n-3 FA) is detected only in small quantities in cereals. Also, the calculated ratio of n-6 (18:2):n-3 (18:3) in cereals varies. Apart from this, cereals are also deficient in other essential PUFAs of both n-6 (γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA)) and n-3 (eicosapentoenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) families as was reported previously (Čertík et al., 2006, 2008). GLA, the key intermediate in the n-6 FA family, is involved in maintaining proper cell functions in mammals. The insufficient supply of GLA from agricultural and animal sources has led to the seeking for microorganisms capable of producing GLA in high yields. Currently, the productivity of oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the biosynthesis of particular PUFAs that can be used as food additives (Bellou et al., 2016) are widely studied. Due to the extensive research on oleaginous lower filamentous fungi, the development of a process of solid state fermentation (SSF) in which microorganisms grow on a moist ABSTRACT. Microbial utilization of raw agro-substrates by solid-state fermentation (SSF) leads to an effective enrichment of prefermented cereal-derived substrates (PCS) with oleaginous fungi being a source of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6). Such method could open up new possibilities in animal nutrition. In this review, the nutritional effects of various PCS used as components of basal diets are summarized through the integrating related studies. PCS with two oleaginous fungi (Thamnidium elegans and Cunninghamella echinulata) as GLA sources were described. Apart from fatty acids, other related fermentation parameters i.e. digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, methane and ammonia concentration, short-chain fatty acid profiles and protozoal counts were taken into account. The effectiveness of GLA sources in increasing ruminal GLA outputs varied, depending on the filamentous fungi used, in the order C. echinulate > T. elegans, but efficiency also depends on the cereal substrate type. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine the impact of using cereal substrates enriched with oleaginous fungi as a source of GLA on rumen metabolism as well as the quality of ruminant meat and dairy products. Received: 4 May 2017 Revised: 24 July 2017 Accepted: 15 February 2018

The possible application of fungal enriched substrates in ruminant nutrition. A review