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Cottonseed meal (CSM) is produced locally in considerable quantities in China. However, the amount of CSM used in animal diets has been partly limited by the relative low lysine level and nutrient bioavailability, and by the presence of toxic gossypol. The total gossypol (TG) found in CSM exists in both free and bound forms. Free gossypol (FG) has been recognised toxic to birds for a long time (Henry et al., 2001), whereas bound gossypol (BG) is usually thought to be physiologically inactive and nontoxic as it cannot be absorbed from digestive tract (Gadelha et al., 2014). Similarly, Willard et al. (1995) found that toxic effects of gossypol were much greater in nonruminants than in ruminants due to the fact that FG is binding with soluble proteins or amino acids in the rumen. However, numerous studies have shown that BG may be released as FG during the digestion period and then can be absorbed by the digestive tract (Blackwelder et al., 1998; Mena et al., 2004). Furthermore, broiler chickens fed extruded CSM still show poor growth performance, even though the extrusion process greatly decreased FG but not TG concentration (Gadelha et al., 2014). ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal (FCSM) with Candida utilis on broiler growth performance and toxicity in comparison to unfermented cottonseed meal (CSM) or soyabean meal (SBM, control). In total 150 one-day-old male Cobb 400 broilers were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 5 replications of 10 birds each. Animals were fed control diet with SBM, diet with CSM : SBM (1:1) and diet with FCSM : SBM (1:1) until 21 day of life. Fermentation decreased free gossypol content in CSM from 583.40 to 191.70 mg · kg−1, and degraded total gossypol from 5830.19 to 3882.91 mg · kg−1 CSM. In comparison to the control diet, FCSM : SBM (1:1) diet did not affect (P > 0.05) the average daily growth and feed conversion ratio, while CSM : SBM (1:1) diet decreased (P < 0.05) these parameters. However, FCSM : SBM (1:1) diet, similarly to CSM : SBM (1:1) diet, increased (P < 0.05) the relative weight of liver and the serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, and decreased (P < 0.05) the relative weight of thymus in comparison to the control diet. In conclusion, residual gossypol or/and degradation products of gossypol in FCSM may still be hepatotoxic and immunotoxic for broilers when SBM is half-replaced by FCSM in diet (155 g · kg−1), although the contents of free gossypol and total gossypol have been markedly reduced and no adverse effect on growth performance was observed. Received: 1 March 2016 Revised: 6 June 2016 Accepted: 25 November 2016

Growth performance and toxic response of broilers fed diets containing fermented or unfermented cottonseed meal