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The worldwide demand for genetically modified (GM) ingredients has led to 100-fold increase in its cultivation from 1.7 million ha in 1996 to 181.5 million ha in 2014, making the procurement of non-GM crops more expensive and difficult (James, 2014). Soya continued to be the principal biotech crop in 2014, followed by biotech maize, cotton and canola (James, 2014). According to GMO-Compass (GMO communication and safety evaluation platform, www.gmocompass.org, 2015) the European Union Member States annually import about 40 million tons of soya and soya by-products, half of which is used as animal feed. Generally, 60 to 90% of world soya imports come from GM plants particularly from USA, Brazil and Argentina. The fact that 80% of the world’s soya is now modified, makes the access to non-GM soya at a reasonable cost very difficult (Popp et al., 2013). ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the carry-over of transgenic soyabean and maize DNA in samples of milk deriving from different groups of cows fed with either genetically modified (GM) or GM-free feed. Also, to understand the possible source of such contamination of milk which can be of endogenous or exogenous origin (contamination from GM feed containing ‘dust or aerosols’). The milk and feed samples were taken during routine practices of the dairy farms in order to be as close as possible to real condition. In total 66 samples of cow’s milk and 120 samples of feed (GM, GM-free and organic feed) were collected in six Italian farms with different farming systems (organic and conventional) and types of barn stalls (milking area contiguous or separated from feeding station). The quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis of samples confirmed the presence of GM soya and maize in GM labeled feed and their absence in organic/GM-free feed. In the latter group, neither transgenic nor endogenous soyabean DNA was detected in the milk samples as expected. The limit of detection was estimated by spiking whole milk samples with GM plant DNA before DNA extraction. The smallest concentration of soyabean DNA required for detection was 1 ng · ml–1 of milk for gene which corresponded to about 900 copies per ml of milk. No milk samples of GM-fed cows was found suspicious for the presence of recombinant DNA within the limit of detection. This means that neither transfer of genetic material nor aerosol contamination from feed to milk can be shown in the investigated husbandry system. Received: 20 October 2015 Revised: 6 March 2016 Accepted: 20 May 2016

Carry-over of DNA from genetically modified soyabean and maize to cow’s milk