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Reduced sperm motility has been associated with lower fertility rates (Yániz et al., 2018). Motile and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa revealed a high percentage of the variation in fertility of the samples (Flowers, 2009). However, fertility is multifactorial and several factors including season may influence the outcome, number of sperms, time of copula before ovulation and seminal plasma profile (Vesseur et al., 1996), and it must be considered the female effect. Furthermore, functional and structural sperm parameters such as motility, kinematics, viability, acrosome and DNA integrity, mitochondrial function, morphology and morphometrics (Gosálvez et al., 2016) may be associated with the fertility process. Boars or bulls are not usually considered seasonal breeders; however, there may be seasonal variations in semen quality (Ibănescu et al., 2018). Variations in sperm parameters between summers and winters have been partially attributed to the changes in scrotal thermoregulation and heat dissipation mechanisms (Menegassi et al., 2015). Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) technology allows the automated and accurate measurement of motile patterns of individual sperms in the ejaculate (Amann and Waberski, 2014). However, this standardisation has never been performed from an integrative point of view. There are three main aspects to consider when optimising ABSTRACT. Currently, artificial insemination (AI) is the most applied technique for assisted reproduction in the livestock industry. The traditional analysis of seminal quality includes the evaluation of concentration and motility (total and progressive), the parameters on which the number of doses producible from an ejaculate is calculated. The introduction of automated sperm evaluation systems based on computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) represented a revolution in the production of seminal doses and the knowledge in reproductive biology; however, this technology has been generally implemented without a critical analysis of its limitations and dependence on several methodological factors. In addition to the use of CASA technology, the estimation of kinematics and morphometry have been incorporated as novel parameters for sensitivity and reproducibility. AI has facilitated the rapid and universal dissemination of genetic material from a relatively small number of males. The CASA systems allow the analysis of a large number of sperm cells in a short time, thereby providing an array of quantitative data on kinematics and head sperm morphometry, thus making it possible to optimise the reliability of seminal analyses. Received: 6 April 2020 Revised: 26 August 2020 Accepted: 8 September 2020

The application of computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) technology to optimise semen evaluation. A review