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Experiments searching for Heavy Neutral Leptons (HNLs) typically interprettheir results within simplified models consisting of a single HNL coupled to asingle lepton flavor. However, any model which aims to describe neutrinooscillations necessarily features more than one HNL, coupled to severalflavors. As we show in this work, the reinterpretation of the results ofexperimental searches in terms of realistic models is a non-trivial task. Weperform a detailed reinterpretation of the latest ATLAS search for prompt HNLsin W decays within a minimal low-scale seesaw with two HNLs. We show that theexclusion limits obtained using the detailed reinterpretation can differ byseveral orders of magnitude from the limits quoted for the simplified models.Hence naively comparing the mixing angles from a realistic model to thereported limits could lead to wrongly excluding entire regions of parameterspace! To overcome this issue without requiring experiments to reportconstraints on all possible HNL models, we propose a simple framework thatallows one to easily and accurately reinterpret exclusion limits withinclosely-related models. We outline a number of concrete steps that can be takenby experiments to implement this method with minimal effort, and we discuss itsapplicability to other models of feebly interacting particles.

Why interpretation matters for BSM searches: a case study with Heavy Neutral Leptons at ATLAS