English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Extensive air showers are traditionally described with phenomenological models - often called Lateral Distribution Functions (LDFs) - of the density of particles at the ground and derived quantities. The concept of air shower universality aims at a deeper understanding of the shower development in the atmosphere by taking into account physical properties of different types of secondary particles. Our extended model is based on the well known universal behaviour of the electromagnetic as well as of the muonic component and of its accompanying electromagnetic halo. A fourth component of electromagnetic particles from pion decays close to the observation level is considered in addition. Eventually the model allows for a description of particle distributions at observation level as a function of a few macroscopic quantities: the total energy E, the depth of the shower maximum Xmax, the muon content Nm and the geometry of the shower. The pure electromagnetic component is determined by E and Xmax while differences between hadronic interaction models and primary particles are absorbed in the muon scale, affecting the three remaining components. We will detail the basic concepts of the extended universal description of air showers and describe the application using the detector response of the water-Cherenkov detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory as an example. Both, the signal response of particles and their time of arrival in the detectors are accounted for in the reconstruction. The universal parametrizations of the components allow us to estimate Xmax and Nm event-by-event solely based on the measured footprint of the air shower at observation level. The shower maximum is reconstructed with a resolution of 30 50 g=cm 2 depending on energy and zenith angle of the shower. The applicability of the method, limitations and model dependence is discussed.

A universal description of temporal and lateral distributions of ground particles in extensive air showers