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Magnetic monopoles have not been found yet in particle accelerators or cosmic rays. On the other hand, some recent researches have shown that they may arise as emergent fractional quasiparticles inside natural and artificial spin ice materials, which are frustrated magnetic insulators. In this paper we discuss the theoretical and experimental results concerning these emergent monopoles and their strings in two-dimensional artificial spin ice systems. Indeed, these fractional objects were indirectly detected in the natural materials (which are three-dimensional systems) while they were directly observed in the artificial square lattice, confirming some previous theoretical predictions.

Magnetic monopoles in a low energy world: emergency and fractionalization in natural and artificial spin ices