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We discuss models where the U(1) symmetries of lepton numbers are responsible for maximal neutrino mixing. We pay particular attention to an extension of the Standard Model with three right-handed neutrino singlets in which we require that the three lepton numbers L_e, L_\mu, and L_\tau be separately conserved in the Yukawa couplings, but assume that they are softly broken by the Majorana mass matrix M_R of the neutrino singlets. In this framework, where lepton-number breaking occurs at a scale much higher than the electroweak scale, deviations from family lepton number conservation are calculable, i.e., finite, and lepton mixing stems exclusively from M_R. We show that in this framework either maximal atmospheric neutrino mixing or maximal solar neutrino mixing or both can be imposed by invoking symmetries. In this way those maximal mixings are stable against radiative corrections. The model which achieves maximal (or nearly maximal) solar neutrino mixing assumes that there are two different scales in M_R and that the lepton number \bar L = L_e - L_\mu - L_\tau is conserved in between them. We work out the difference between this model and the conventional scenario where (approximate) \bar L invariance is imposed directly on the mass matrix of the light neutrinos.

Softly broken lepton numbers: an approach to maximal neutrino mixing