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Stroke is the most prevalent vascular accident of central nervous system among middle aged individuals. The sensorymotor dysfunction, cognitive impairments, and declined quality of life are the side effects of stroke in suffered patients.1 Unfortunately, no effective pharmaceutical treatment has been introduced, only endovascular approaches or rehabilitation may reduce the severity of symptoms.2 In the field of regenerative medicine, there are numerous preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrated the therapeutic effect of stem cell transplantation in various neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke.3-5 Embryonic stem cells (ESC), the pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate to different lineages. So that, under defined protocol, embryonic stem cells has been shown to differentiate to neural progenitor cells (NPC).6 After transplantation of embryonic derived neural progenitor cells (ES-NPCs) in model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rats, the cells are capable to migrate toward ischemic site, proliferate and differentiate to the neurons and glial cells, and replace the dead cells.7 On the other hand, they induce angiogenesis and neurogenesis, decrease the neuroinflammation, and preserve the integrity of blood–brain barrier through bystander effects.8 Following the ES-NPCs injection, the size of ischemic area reduced and the sensory-motor function improved. The histological investigation also revealed positive findings in favor of neural tissue repair.6, 9, 10 Moreover, different types of biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs) appear in blood and brain tissue following ischemia. The miRNAs are small non-coding and single-stranded RNAs that regulate many internal processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, development, cell cycle, apoptosis, etc. In addition to tissues, they are present in serum or plasma in the form of complexes and macrovesicles.11 The previous studies exposed that a wide spectrum of miRNAs identified, in the blood and brain tissue after MCAO in rats by microarray with both upand downregulated manner. Clinical studies also confirmed these findings in patients with ischemic stroke. Therefore, the miRNAs are considered as a promising biomarker for prognosis of stroke patients.12-16 miRNA-210 has been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and with neuroprotective role by suppressing the caspase pathway, induce a balance between bcl-2 and bax expression.17 In ischemic condition, mir-210 plays role as a proangiogenic factor and involves in cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage reconstruction, and neural tissue restoration.17-19 Human embryonic derived neural progenitor cells improves neurological scores following brain ischemia/ reperfusion: Modulation of blood and brain tissue MicroRNA-210 Leila Arab1, Aslan Fanni2, Shiva Nemati#2, Ehsan Arefian3, Jafar Ai#4, Tahmineh Mokhtari 5,6, Maryam Farahmandfar7, Nasser Aghdami2, Gholamreza Hassanzadeh1,8,9

journal of contemporary medical sciences

Human embryonic derived neural progenitor cells improves neurological scores following brain ischemia/ reperfusion: Modulation of blood and brain tissue MicroRNA-210