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Modern humans exhibit great diversity of physical differences because of some factors such as sexual dimorphism, topography, climate, geographical location, and diet.1, 2 These physical differences account for different races, tribes, and ethnicities.3ÿ It also has very important influence on the health and identification of an individual; therefore, becomes very necessary to establish baseline for health and physical identification of humans for each population.4, 5 Physical anthropology relies mainly on external measurements (Anthropometry) and descriptions (Morphology) of the human body. Such measurements are useful in the analysis and classification of fossil remains as well as study of living population. Anthropometry comes from a Greek word “Anthropos” which means human and “metron” which means measure. It is a non-invasive technique to measure the dimensions of the human body and skeleton.1, 6 Anthropometry has become essential tool of biological anthropology that involves a series of standardized measuring techniques that express quantitatively, the dimensions of human body. Cephalic and facial indexes are very important anthropometric index used in describing head and facial dimensions and morphology, respectively.7-9 Cephalic index (CI) is very useful in racial, ethnic, and gender identification of individuals. It is defined as the ratio of maximum cephalic width to maximum cephalic length multiplied by hundred percent. Based on the value of CI, there are six different types of heads.10 Facial index (Prosopic index), on the other hand, is used to describe the facial proportion, prognosis of orthodontic treatments as well as indicating the direction of growth of craniofacial complex. The facial index is also defined as the ratio of morphological facial height to the ratio of facial width (bizygomatic width) multiplied by hundred percent. There are five different types of face based on facial index.10, 11 The facial and cephalic indices of an individual are determined by growth and developmental pattern. According to Virchow’s law of parallel and perpendicular bone expansion, patency of the metopic and sagittal sutures are responsible for the adequate growth of cranial vault in the anterior–posterior while that of coronal and lambdoid sutures account for the growth in the transverse directions.12 The fusion of metopic suture occurs between 3 and 9 months while the others fuse between 22 and 39 months.13 Premature fusion of the sagittal suture may result an increase the entire length of the head in the anterior–posterior direction but in early fusion of metopic suture, only the anterior length is reduced.13 Although a high amount of report on cephalic and facial indices exist among various tribes and ethnic groups but there are little or no published data of such kind exist for the Akan people in Ghana. This study therefore aims at establishing for the first time, the baseline of cephalic and facial indices among the Akan people of Ghana.

Cephalofacial characteristics of the Akan people in the Assin Districts in Central Region of Ghana: Anthropometric Studies