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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound, abundantly used worldwide for the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. It is an endocrine disruptor that can mimic estradiol by binding to and activating the same estrogen receptor as the natural hormone. It is not only hazardous to human population but also found to be acutely toxic to aquatic organisms in the range 1000–10,000μg/L for freshwater and marine species. In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that over one million pounds of BPA are released into the environment annually. BPA can enter the environment either directly from chemical, plastics, coat and staining manufacturers, from paper or material recycling companies, or indirectly leaching from plastic, paper and metal waste in landfills or ocean-borne plastic trash. BPA in anaerobic or semi aerobic sediment environments can persist for a prolonged period of time, leading to higher BPA levels in sediments than in surface water. Interestingly BPA can persist longer in seawater than in fresh water without any degradation (about 30 day) and the possibility of BPA contamination is higher marine than freshwater organisms. BPA possess endocrine disruption in different types of fishes by vitellogenin induction, upregulation of brain aromatase isoform mRNA, reduction of total sperm counts and induction of testis ova and poor somatic growth of male. It was also observed that environmentally relevant low level of BPA increased the expression of genes related to reproduction axis such as kiss1, kiss1r, Gnrh3, LH β, FSHβ, and ERα and dmrt1. BPA is also assumed to involve THR, in increasing the rate of early embryonic development in several fish species. Further, BPA exhibit very high estrogenic activity on the cyp19a1b gene, and increase concentration of vitellogenin in swim-up fry of freshwater fish species. Keeping in view of these, the present study is aimed to elucidate a baseline information about contamination routes of BPA in the aquatic environment and its endocrine-disruptive effects on aquatic organisms.

Plastic originated bisphenol A: A potential endocrine disruptor for fish reproduction