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As an observational study at a veterinary hospital, tortoises indicated to receive either an opioid or NSAID as analgesic treatment by a veterinary surgeon were monitored for pain-related behaviours over time. The author monitored preand post-pain-related behaviours after drug administration, at intervals of 6, 12 and 24 hours. These behaviours included feeding, activity levels, whether the eyes were open or closed, neck extension, responsiveness, and limb withdrawal. Chi-squared was used to look for significant differences, at P≤0.05.

Is there a difference in pain-related behaviours between tortoises receiving different analgesic protocols?