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The promotion of innovation capacity is a key element in political strategy in developed countries. In this regard, new impulses for the development of technological and social innovation are expected from academia: research is not to be conducted for its own sake, rather it is to be transferred to other stakeholders of the innovation systems including industry, politics, and society in order to create an impact beyond the “ivory tower” of academia. Increasingly valued in political agenda setting and funding schemes, this knowledge and technology transfer has become imperative for institutions in academia in various national innovation systems in recent years (Acs et al., 2017; Carayannis & Campbell, 2009; Grimaldi et al., 2011; The Wissenschaftsrat, 2016). Knowledge and technology transfer – and academic entrepreneurship as a particular form of transfer – are valued as means of enhancing innovation capacity. Despite their various benefits and the outlined political pressure, contemporary measures have fallen short of expectations (European Commission, 2017). In Germany, only 6% of newly founded companies constitute academic spin-offs, and this number has even decreased in the past decade (Braun-Thürmann et al., 2010; BMBF, 2017).

Gender-Specific Constraints on Academic Entrepreneurship and Engagement in Knowledge and Technology Transfer