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Sodium trisulfide (Na 2 S 3 ) releases hydrogen polysulfide (H 2 S n ) and is useful for the investigation of the effects of H 2 S n on the cell functions. In the present study, we first examined the effects of Na 2 S 3 on the gene expression of IEC-6 cells, a rat intestinal epithelial cell line. Microarray analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that Na 2 S 3 increased the gene expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and Kruppel-like transcription factor 4 (KLF4). It was interesting that U0126, an inhibitor of the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2, and ERK5, inhibited the Na 2 S 3 -induced gene expression of EGR1 and KLF4. Na 2 S 3 activated ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) within 15 min. In addition to ERK1/2, Na 2 S 3 activated ERK5. We noticed that the electrophoretic mobility of ERK5 was decreased after Na 2 S 3 treatment. Phos-tag analysis and in vitro dephosphorylation of the cell extracts indicated that the gel-shift of ERK5 was due to its phosphorylation. The gel-shift of ERK5 was inhibited completely by both U0126 and ERK5-IN-1, a specific inhibitor of ERK5. From these results, we concluded that the gel-shift of ERK5 was induced through autophosphorylation by activated ERK5 after Na 2 S 3 treatment. The present study suggested that H 2 S n affected various functions of intestinal epithelial cells through the activation of the ERK1/2 and ERK5 pathways.

Increased expression of EGR1 and KLF4 by polysulfide via activation of the ERK1/2 and ERK5 pathways in cultured intestinal epithelial cells