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This paper provides a historical outline of the damage that mountain tunnels in Japan have sustained because of earthquakes. Presented as a series of brief case studies, four major earthquakes are described in terms of their location, magnitude, and resulting damage. Results of classifying the damage patterns shows three types: damage to shallow tunnels, damage to tunnels in poor geological condition, and damage to tunnels due to fault slide. A fourth type, involving structural defects in the tunnel lining, is also discussed. The paper concludes with a brief look at countermeasures that are being planned to prevent earthquake damage to tunnels in the future.

Historical Earthquake Damage to Tunnels in Japan and Case Studies of Railway Tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake