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Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in the development of potential regenerative cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disease, with most success being seen in Parkinson's disease. Cell-based therapies face many challenges including ethical considerations, potential for immune-mediated rejection with allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue, pathological spread of protein-related disease into the grafted tissue as well as the risk of graft overgrowth and tumorigenesis in stem cell-derived transplants. Preclinical trials have looked at many tissue types of which the most successful to date have been those using fetal ventral mesencephalon grafts, which led to clinical trials, which have shown that in some cases they can work very well. With important proof-of-concept derived from these studies, there is now much interest in how dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cell sources could be used to develop cell-based therapies suitable for clinical use, with clinical trials poised to enter the clinic in the next couple of years.

Cell therapies for Parkinson's disease: how far have we come?