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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), first described in 1944 in the Crimea, is a widespread tick-borne zoonosis that causes a hemorrhagic syndrome exclusively in humans, with case-fatality that can exceed 30% [1]. The causative agent, CCHF virus, a ssRNA virus in the genus Nairovirus within the family Bunyaviridae, is perpetuated silently in nature in a vertebrate host–tick cycle. Human infections occur through tick bite, crushing of engorged ticks or exposure to blood or bodily fluids of infected animals or CCHF patients [1]. CCHF has a short incubation period of 3–7 days, followed by a prehemorrhagic and hemorrhagic period that result in convalescence or death [2]. The disease occurs over a vast region from China through the Balkans to South Africa, closely mirroring the distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks, the primary tick vector [3]. Cases are seasonal due to tick life cycle and typically occur sporadically in agricultural regions, but can also be associated with clusters of humanto-human transmission. CCHF remains one of the most clinically relevant and widespread types of viral hemorrhagic fever.

Therapeutic intervention in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: where are we now?