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This article investigates how Theories of Change for transformation-oriented R&amp;I programmes can be designed to better grasp system transformation processes and thereby set the basis for a deeper understanding of transformative impact mechanisms and programme learning. The analysis is based within the realm of the energy system, which is an area of specific concern for socio-technical transformation. It focuses on the “7th Energy Research Programme” (EFP) of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action, which is the key R&amp;I policy instrument contributing to the transformation of the energy system in Germany. The article shows how a programme theory approach can be combined with multi-level perspective innovation system thinking and the concept of transformative outcomes to increase the evaluability of complex, transformation-oriented R&amp;I programmes.

Theories of change for transformation-oriented R&I polices: the case of the 7th Energy Research Programme in Germany