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Object-oriented languages often use virtual machines (VMs) that providemechanisms such as just-in-time (JIT) compilation and garbage collection (GC).These VM components are typically implemented in a separate layer, isolatingthem from the application. While this approach brings the software engineeringbenefits of clear separation and decoupling, it introduces barriers for bothunderstanding VM behavior and evolving the VM implementation. For example, theGC and JIT compiler are typically fixed at VM build time, limiting arbitraryadaptation at run time. Furthermore, because of this separation, theimplementation of the VM cannot typically be inspected and debugged in the sameway as application code, enshrining a distinction in easy-to-work-withapplication and hard-to-work-with VM code. These characteristics pose a barrierfor application developers to understand the engine on top of which their owncode runs, and fosters a knowledge gap that prevents application developers tochange the VM.  We propose Live Metacircular Runtimes (LMRs) to overcome this problem. LMRsare language runtime systems that seamlessly integrate the VM into theapplication in live programming environments. Unlike classic metacircularapproaches, we propose to completely remove the separation between applicationand VM. By systematically applying object-oriented design to VM components, wecan build live runtime systems that are small and flexible enough, where VMengineers can benefit of live programming features such as short feedbackloops, and application developers with fewer VM expertise can benefit of thestronger causal connections between their programs and the VM implementation.  To evaluate our proposal, we implemented Bee/LMR, a live VM for aSmalltalk-derivative environment in 22057 lines of code. We analyze casestudies on tuning the garbage collector, avoiding recompilations by thejust-in-time compiler, and adding support to optimize code with vectorinstructions to demonstrate the trade-offs of extending exploratory programmingto VM development in the context of an industrial application used inproduction. Based on the case studies, we illustrate how our approachfacilitates the daily development work of a small team of applicationdevelopers.  Our approach enables VM developers to gain access to live programming toolstraditionally reserved for application developers, while application developerscan interact with the VM and modify it using the high-level tools they useevery day. Both application and VM developers can seamlessly inspect, debug,understand, and modify the different parts of the VM with shorter feedbackloops and higher-level tools.

Live Objects All The Way Down: Removing the Barriers between Applications and Virtual Machines