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Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep is a perennial shrub from Marantaceace family. The species is widely distributed in South and South-Asian countries. In traditional medicine, rhizome of the plant is used in fever and skin diseases and stem is used in earache. We aimed to substantiate these therapeutic claims by examining their effects in male and female mice model. Antinociceptive effect was evaluated by formalin induced hind paw licking, acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test, and antipyretic effect was tested by yeast induced hyperthermia experiment. Doses of rhizome and stem extracts were 200 and 400 mg/kg.bw. Influence of mice sexes on these pharmacological effects was examined by performing experiments separately on male and female mice model. Qualitative phytochemical screening and quantitative analyses of total phenols and flavonoids were performed. Antinociceptive effects showed striking sex dimorphism. In hind paw licking test, male mice showed significant reductions (p<0.05) in licking in both phases for both rhizome and stem extracts while significant effect (p<0.001) was observed only in late phase in female mice. In early phase, female mice produced inhibition only of 7.96% (rhizome) and 8.54% (stem) at 400 mg/kg.bw; at the same dose, male mice showed 58.83% (rhizome) and 65.03% (stem) inhibition. Effects were more comparable in late phase where male mice demonstrated inhibition of 61.30% (rhizome) and 80.52% (stem); for female mice, inhibitions were 69.16% (rhizome) and 73.06% (stem). Similar dimorphism was also observed in acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test. In writhing test, antinociception is more profound in male than in female. Stem at 400 mg/kg.bw produced 81.29% and 71.63% inhibition in male and female mice respectively while rhizome at the same dose showed 70% and 36.62% inhibition. In hot plate test, stem was more effective than rhizome in male mice producing 70.35% and 31% inhibition at 400 mg/kg.bw respectively while female mice produced little effect demonstrating around 10% inhibition for both extracts. Standard drug ketorolac showed 83.55% inhibition. Antipyretic experiment also showed varied effect in male and female mice; both extracts showed significant (p<0.001) decrease in body temperatures. Rhizome showed greater effect in female mice while stem was more effective in male mice. Rhizome showed reduction of 1.72 and 2.48 °F after 4 h in male and female mice respectively; for stem, the reductions were 2.61 and 2.2 °F respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and phytosterols in both rhizome and stem. Total phenol and flavonoid contents in rhizome were found 103.08 mg GAE and 9.07 mg QE respectively while in stem, these were 43.39 mg GAE and 20.93 QE. Antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of rhizome and stem extracts endorsed the traditional uses of S. dichotomus in pain and fever. Also, findings of differential antinociceptive and antipyretic effects based on mouse sex indicate the prerequisite of both male and female mice model in therapeutic evaluations of plant extract.

indonesian journal of pharmacy

Sex-dependent variations in anti-nociceptive and antipyretic effects of rhizome and stem extract of Schumannianthus dichotomus Roxb. in male and female mice