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It is important to investigate the characteristic of fluid forces acting on roughness elements of river beds and revetments. In this study, we investigate the velocity profiles over roughness elements, which are spheres or hemispheres sticked densely on the surface of the wind-tunnel bed, and the forces exerted on them, which can be calculated by measuring the surface-pressure distributions. On the other hand, the existing critical shear stresses or tractive forces depend on not only the time-mean but also the instantaneous values of the boundary shear stress. But there are little reports on the probability density distribution of hydrodynamic forces on roughness wall. The temporal distribution of the drag forces exerted on densely placed spherical roughness elements is investigated experimentally.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON VELOCITY PROFILES OVER THE BED ROUGHENED WITH SPHERES OR HEMISPHERES AND FLUID FORCES EXERTED ON THEM