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There are some significant differences between the way seismologists and geologists typically look at faulting from large earthquakes. Seismologists tend to analyze waveform data which can usually resolve structures on the order of tens of kilometers; possibly down to one kilometers there is very good near-field data. Also, the derived physically properties are averaged over this scale length. Although it is difficult to resolve small scale features, seismologic studies have the advantage of seeing all depths of the fault. In contrast fault zone geologists can make direct observations of the fault zone structures and properties, which are quite different from the remote sensing techniques of seismologists. Geologists tend to look at structures on the scale of microns to meters when examining the cores obtained from drilling into faults. These observations are spot measurements and it is often difficult to assess how representative they are of the entire fault. Also, fault zone sample studies are usually limited to a few kilometers depth, which may barely be in the range of the seismogenic zone that produces the seismic waves. These differences mean that seismologists and geologists are often looking at quite different aspects of the earthquake process. The approaches are different, but can also be complementary.

Fault Characteristics, Energy Estimates, and Earthquake Recurrence: What One Seismologist Wants from Fault Drilling