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Drilling a complete in situ section of ocean crust has been an unfulfilled ambition of Earth scientists for many decades and provided the impetus for the conception of scientific deep ocean drilling. The production of new crust at mid-ocean ridges lays the foundation of the plate tectonic cycle and is a dominant process that has resurfaced >60% of our present-day planet since the Early Jurassic (<200 Ma). Magma eruption and intrusion, along with ocean floor hydrothermal exchange, are the principal mechanisms of heat and material transfer from the mantle to the crust, oceans, and atmosphere. The ocean crust is an environment of steep thermal, physical, and chemical gradients potentially with many of the ingredients required to initiate primordial life, as there is growing evidence for an enduring, active subsurface basalt-hosted microbial biosphere (e.g., Fisk et al., 1998; Bach and Edwards, 2003; Santelli et al., 2008; Rouxel et al., 2008; McLoughlin et al., 2009; McCarthy et al., 2011). Evidence for microbial activity was also recently reported in ~1 m.y. old gabbros collected during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 304/ 305 (Mason et al., 2010). Chemical exchanges between the ocean and crust over a wide range of temperatures exert major controls on seawater chemistry and partially buffer inputs from the erosion and weathering of continents brought to the oceans by rivers, glaciers, and groundwater (e.g., Palmer and Edmond, 1989; Vance et al., 2009). Unfortunately, many of the key questions regarding the formation and evolution of the oceanic crust that are primary scientific goals of the IODP Initial Science Plan and numerous forerunner questions remain unanswered despite 50 years of scientific ocean drilling. This is principally due to the cursory sampling of the ocean crust, and in particular an absence of continuous deep

Deep drilling of intact ocean crust: harnessing past lessons to inform future endeavors