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Received June 2010 Accepted December 2010 INTRODUCTION The incidence of retrocaval ureter is reported as 1 in 1100, with male to female predominance of 2.8:1. (1) The cause of this anomaly is persistence of posterior cardinal vein as infrarenal vena cava during the embryologic development. (2) The symptoms usually start in 3rd to 4th decade of life, and the common presentation is recurrent flank pain, recurrent urinary tract infection, or hypertension due to hydronephrosis.(3,4)

Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty and pyelolithotomy in a patient with a retrocaval ureter: our experience and review of literature.