English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

For the last 15 years, American and European governments, lending institutions led by the World Bank, and NGOs like the American Bar Association have been funding projects to promote the “Rule of Law” in developing countries, former Communist and military dictatorships, and China. The Rule of Law is of course a very capacious concept, which means many different things to its different promoters. Anyone who sets out to investigate its content will soon find himself in a snowstorm of competing definitions. Its barebones content (“formal legality”) is that of a regime of rules, announced in advance, which are predictably and effectively applied to all they address, including the rulers who promulgate them — formal rules that tell people how the state will deploy coercive force and enable them to plan their affairs accordingly. The slightlymore-than barebones version adds: “applied equally to everyone.” This minimalist version of the Rule of Law, which we might call pure positivist legalism, is not, however, what the governments, multilateral lenders and NGOs have been promoting. All of the active projects have some specific substantive and institutional content. Multilateral lending institutions (development banks) have tended to favor the general position — loosely traceable to Max Weber and Douglass North in one version, and to Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek in another — that well-functioning markets require the support of a framework of clearly defined and effectively and predictably enforced legal rules and rights. At the height of the so-called Washington Consensus in the 1990s, neo-liberal promoters stressed in particular that the Rule of Law protects property rights, especially in foreign direct investment,

The Role of Lawyers in Producing the Rule of Law: Some Critical Reflections