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Particle rotations, and in particular, rolling resistance are known to have a dominant influence on the macroscopic behaviour of particulate materials. We examine the influence of these factors in the constitutive response of a semi-infinite material to indentation by a rigid flat punch on the material boundary. Extensive particle rotations are found to occur near the edges of the punch where stress concentrations exist, and from where plastic strains which localise into so-called shear bands emanate. The effects of rolling resistance are found to have a significant influence on the load-deflection characteristics of the punch.

Role of particle rotations and rolling resistance in a semi-infinite particulate solid indented by a rigid flat punch