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Health research highlights the myriad ways in which mind and body are closely intertwined (Bishop, 1994). Several cognitive processes constitute our motivation to behave healthily and hence build the scaffold for the health of mind and body. Accordingly, health psychology prevailingly focuses on the mechanisms between mental processes and bodily behaviour (Matarazzo, 1980). However, previous research has neglected the potential impact of basal bodily sensations on cognitions determining health motivation. This is surprising as the theory of embodied cognition suggests a strong bidirectional relationship between bodily experiences and higher cognitive processes (Lee & Schwarz, 2012). Here, I will demonstrate that this concept is of particular importance for healthy behaviour. With regard to the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT, Rogers, 1983), I present first effects of haptic weight sensations on those factors that constitute our motivation to behave healthily.Embodied Cognition and WeightAccording to the theory of embodied cognition, higher cognitive processes are strongly linked to sensory and motor processes; that is, the mind's activity is ingrained in the body's interaction with the world (e.g., Wilson, 2002; Kaspar, Konig, Schwandt, & Konig, 2014). Following this perspective, we should extend the so far considered array of environmental inputs influencing one's protection motivation by taking basal bodily sensations into account. Research on healthy behaviour has heretofore neglected this possibility. In contrast to persuasive communications that are commonly used to positively influence the motivation for healthier behaviour, the effect of bodily experiences is much more direct, less ambiguous, and requires less cognitive evaluation (Lee & Schwarz, 2012).Current literature on embodied cognition postulates that cognition is grounded on bodily states. According to a developmental perspective, sensorimotor experiences early in life serve as a foundation for the later learning of more abstract concepts. Williams, Huang, and Bargh (2009) labelled this phenomenon as scaffolding because "humans readily integrate incoming information with extant knowledge structures" (p. 1257). Children learn that the interaction with heavy objects requires more physical effort and more cognitive planning than dealing with light objects (Jostmann, Lakens, & Schubert, 2009). The repeated experience of weight characteristics early in life then provides a scaffold for the later development of abstract concepts such as "seriousness", "importance", and "potency". It is assumed that such established associations between specific sensorimotor sensations and higher cognitive processes do not evaporate over time (Ackerman, Nocera, & Bargh, 2010). Hence, the bodily experience of weight simultaneously stimulates physical sensations and associated cognitive concepts. Everyday language indeed includes phrases expressing this established relationship such as the idiom "the gravity of the situation" (Ackerman et al., 2010) or an issue that "carries weight" (Schneider, Rutjens, Jostmann, & Lakens, 2011). Accordingly, several authors refer to the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff& Johnson, 1980) postulating that abstract concepts are represented in a conceptual system by concrete bodily metaphors. This idea also implies that the effect of a specific bodily sensation does not generalize to all abstract cognitions but is limited to those cognitive domains that are conceptually linked to a specific embodied information (Ackerman et al., 2010; Kaspar, 2013).Recent studies on weight effects provided evidence for this embodiment perspective. The haptic sensation of heaviness, compared to lightness, increased the evaluation of a job candidate's potency and seriousness (Ackerman et al., 2010), the perceived importance of fair decision-making procedures (Jostmann et al., 2009), the importance of the visual attractiveness of others (Kaspar & Krull, 2013), and the importance of a book's content (Chandler, Reinhard, & Schwarz, 2012). …

studia psychologica

AN EMBODIMENT PERSPECTIVE ON PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY: THE IMPACT OF INCIDENTAL WEIGHT SENSATIONS ON THREAT-APPRAISAL, COPING-APPRAISAL, AND PROTECTION MOTIVATION