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The purpose of this health workforce plan is to provide guidance for the staffing of the Bolikhamxay. Province health services and the training of health service personnel to the year 2020. It must be stressed, however, that this plan is in its first iteration and does not provide all the solutions. Rather, it identifies issues that need to be further investigated and resolved at the local level. For example, the provincial health department (PHD) will need to further investigate the reasons for the significant variability in the utilization of services in different facilities and in the different ratios of staff in relation to the activities performed. The accuracy of the data must be validated and specific interventions must be determined. For Bolikhamxay, particular attention by PHD and district health authorities should be given to the following issues identified in the analysis:• Shortage of clinical staff, particularly in the age group 30 to 40 years old, to provide supervision, guidance, and support for junior staff in coming years;• The existence of health centers with less than minimum staffing level (&lt;3), including a midwife and/or staff capable of properly addressing emergencies with particular reference to maternal and child health.• The median number of activities per staff per year is around 470 (Nakoun/Bolikhan), which means that, on average, a health worker will participate in fewer than two activities per day. The situation in some district hospitals and most health centers is even worse, with an annual average number of activities per staff of only 163, which means that, on average, one staff participates in one activity every 3 days, hardly enough to maintain skills and justify deployment.• This low level of staff activity raises questions about the need for further increase of staff supply to health centers and districts unless effective interventions are implemented to increase the demand and utilization of services in these facilities.• It is also necessary to document all relevant activities, including outreach activities and home visits, in order to give appropriate weight in the calculation of utilization and productivity.• Development of the provincial health workforce development plan requires validated human resources for health information and engagement of local health authorities, as well as strong collaboration with the national authorities and development partners, to ensure adequate support and resourcing.

Strengthening the Engagement of Provinces in Health Workforce Planning and Management: A Case Study From Lao PDR