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Publication in Japan of works on epidemiology/preventive medicine is on the record by 1810 e.g. "Taisei Ekiron (Western Epidemiology)" by Ryotei Shingu, and "Dandokuron (Drawing out the Poison)" by Hakuju Hashimoto. Following a European tour of inspection, Sensai Nagayo came to attach importance to health and hygiene. After setting up a Medical Affairs Office at the Ministry of Education, Nagayo transferred the office to the Ministry of Interior as the Bureau of Hygiene in 1873. Three departments under the bureau were in charge of medicine, hygiene, and health statistics, respectively. At the time of a cholera epidemic, the office issued preventive directions and passage of the Quarantine Law in 1875. Promulgation of a Cholera Preventive Ordinance took place in 1880. In the same year, Shokei Shibata published "Introduction to Hygiene", which discussed how health and disease related to lifestyle, occupation, or physical constitution. The government also began to publish statistics of hygiene: data on infectious diseases. No exact date is known for when the concept of epidemiology itself was introduced into Japan. In London, a Society of Epidemiology was established in 1850. In Germany, Haeser published: "Historisch-pathologischen Untersuchungen. Als Beitraege zur Geschichite der Volkskrankheiten. 2 Bdr Dresden und Leipzig, 1839-41". Certain Japanese medical students who had studied abroad in the course of the late 19th century brought back with them the epidemiology concept, together with that of hygiene. They put to use the idea immediately, in researches that sought out the causal factors behind diseases. At the same time, the concept of geographic pathology also came to be brought to Japan and used as a method in pursuit of the environmental factors responsible for the outbreak of epidemics of diseases with unknown etiology. Rintaro (Ohgai) Mori, a military physician, in 1889 translated the German word "Epidenmilogie" into the Japanese language as "Ekireigaku". Yu Fujikawa translated the same term as "Ekibyogaku" or "Ryukobyogaku". Another translation in use was "Ekirigaku". Hirsch, author of "Handbuch der Historischgeographischen Pathologie" published in Erlangen, Germany as of 1859, defined epidemiology as a study of the nature of diseases via multiple approaches, namely medical geography, geographic pathology, and geographic anthropology. Fujikawa explained epidemiology as having two facets: descriptive and analytic epidemiology. The latter analyzes causal factors employing clinical, pathological, and microbiological methods. In those days, epidemiologic methodology was applied to those acute infectious diseases that repeatedly triggered epidemics with numerous fatalities. The methodology was also frequently applied to the study of noninfectious diseases for which no causes were known. This article is an overview of the progress in Japan of epidemiologic research, chiefly on noninfectious diseases, which began during late 19th century. At the same time, the status of epidemiology in Japan is also discussed.

Short History of Epidemiology for Noninfectious Diseases in Japan. Part 1: Selected Diseases and Related Episodes from 1880 through 1944