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Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.15 No.1 © 2015 Academy of East Asian Studies. 109-129 email of the author: leighanneyuh@gmail.com 109 Introduction Following the forced opening of Korea to trade in 1876, the government faced a fiscal crisis, an unstable political environment, foreign intervention, and considerable social unrest. Amidst these turbulent circumstances, and in an effort to stabilize the country and maintain sovereignty, the Korean government launched a variety of reform programs. One important component of reform was the establishment of official schools based on Western, specifically American, models. The first modern government school, the Royal English Academy (Yugyŏng Kongwŏn) was established in 1886, but shut its doors a mere eight years later. Existing scholarship on the 1882 to 1895 period emphasizes foreign (particularly Chinese) intervention, the entrenchment of conservative officials, and King Kojong’s (r. 1864-1907) ineptitude to explain the failure of the government’s initial efforts at educational reform. Framed in terms of Kojong’s modernization strategy, this argument holds that the Royal English Academy ended closing down since leadership in the Korean government was not “progressive enough” and was Amidst the turbulent circumstances following the forced “opening” of Korea in 1876, the Korean government launched a variety of reform programs, including the establishment of the Royal English Academy (Yugyŏng Kongwŏn) in 1886, the first modern government school, which lasted only eight years. This paper argues that the most significant factor for its closure was the incompatibility of American educational ideology and pedagogical objectives with the Korean socio-political context. The prospective students who would have been most receptive to a US-style education were the progressive reformers (the Enlightenment Party) since they advocated Western practical learning and technology. Unfortunately their staging of the 1884 Kapsin coup and its subsequent suppression resulted in their systematic elimination and destroyed any possibility of the Royal English Academy finding an enthusiastic student body among the aristocratic yangban who survived the fallout. Unable to attract students, it eventually lapsed under mismanagement, shutting down in 1894.

The Royal English Academy: Korea's First Instance of American-Style Education and the Making of Modern Korean Officials, 1886-1894