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The Pap test is considered to be the best morphological screening test for cancer which reveals precancerous lesions and early stages of cervical cancer by analyzing cervical cytology. In Croatia, it is used in the context of opportunistic screening and since December 1, 2012 it has been used within an organized national screening programme. In order to classify and unify the terminology in cervical cytology reporting throughout Croatia a modification of the Bethesda classification is used. The form contains clinical data on the patient which is fulfilled by the gynecologist and the cytological report based on light microscope analysis of Pap smears which is made by the cytopathologist. In this article we will describe the cytological characteristics of abnormal squamous and glandular cells as well as their clinical significance. Since the connection between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer has been clearly confirmed the detection of high-risk HPV is increasingly implemented in cervical cancer screening. More recently, in order to improve the sensitivity and specificity of cytology methods in detecting high-grade lesions, biological markers are applied on cytological specimens of the cervix.

Cervical cytology (Pap test) – terminology and importance in screening for cervical cancer