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Female rats and mice treated neonatally with relatively small doses of estrogen or androgen exhibit when adult a sterility syndrome characterized by polyfollicular ovaries and persistent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Alteration in function of the hypothalamohypophysial system is involved in these phenomena, the vaginal changes being caused by estrogen secreted continuously from the ovaries (for reviews, see Ref. 2), 14), 15)). In contrast, neonatal treatment of mice with relatively large doses of estrogen or androgen induces seemingly similar changes in the vaginal epithelium. However, the prolif erative state of vagina persists even in the absence of endogenous estrogen after ovariectomy (for reviews, Ref. 12), 13)). The estrogen-independent, permanent proliferation culminating in cornification of the vaginal epithelium occurs only when the estrogen treatment was started within 3 days after birth, although permanent epithelial proliferation with or without accompanying mucification may be induced even if the steroid treatment was begun later, but within 9 postnatal days.° 11) Thus, there is a critical period in the steroid treatment for inducing permanent vaginal changes. The present study was undertaken to examine the responses of mouse vagina to administration of androgen begun at different early postnatal ages, and to determine the critical period in androgenic treatment for inducing permanent vaginal changes. Materials and methods. Female mice of the C57 BL/Tw strain were used for the present experiments. They were kept at 23-25°C on a 12 h L-12 h D daily photoperiod, and given food pellets (CA-1, Clea Co., Tokyo) and tap water ad libitum. Five groups of mice were injected sc with a 50 pg dose of 5 a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT ) dissolved in 0.02 ml sesame oil for 5 days from 0 (within 24 h after

proceedings of the japan academy. series b, physical and biological sciences

Changes in vaginal epithelium of postpubertal mice given a short-term treatment with 5.ALPHA.-dihydrotestosterone starting at different early postnatal ages.