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One major mechanism of phase variable gene expression in prokaryotes is through inversion of the promoter element for a gene or operon. This protocol describes how to detect the promoter orientation of a phase-variable gene by PCR. This protocol, including primer design, is specific to detection of the promoter orientations of hyxR, a LuxR-like response regulator in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolates (Bateman and Seed, 2012); however, this protocol can be generalized to other organisms and genes to discriminate prokaryotic promoter inversions by PCR through size discrimination of the amplification products. Expression of hyxR is regulated through bidirectional phase inversion of the upstream promoter region mediated by a member of the family of site-specific tyrosine recombinases called Fim-like recombinases. The recombinases recognize inverted DNA repeat sequences flanking the promoter and produce a genomic rearrangement, orientating the promoter in favor or disfavor of gene expression.

Promoter Orientation of Prokaryotic Phase-variable Genes by PCR