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In this protocol, we describe a method for direct cytosolic protein delivery that avoids endosomal entrapment of the delivered proteins. We achieved this by tagging the desired protein with an oligo glutamic acid tag (E-tag), and subsequently using carrier gold nanoparticles to deliver these E-tagged proteins. When E-tagged proteins and nanoparticles were mixed, they formed nanoassemblies, which got fused to cell membrane upon incubation and directly released the E-tagged protein into cell cytosol. We used this method to deliver a wide variety of proteins with different sizes, charges, and functions in various cell lines (Mout et al ., 2017). To use this protocol, the first step is to generate the required materials (gold nanoparticles, recombinant E-tagged proteins). Laboratory-synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been previously described (Yang et al ., 2011). Desired E-tagged proteins can be cloned from the corresponding genes, and expressed and purified using standard laboratory procedures. We will use E-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reference protein here. Users can simply insert an E-tag into their protein of interest, at either terminus. To achieve maximum delivery efficiency, we suggest users testing different length of E-tags. For example, we inserted E = 0 to 20 (E0 means no E-tag insertion, and E20 means 20 glutamic acids insertion in a row) to most of the proteins we tested, and screened for optimal E-tagged length for highest delivery efficiency. E10-tagged proteins gave us the highest delivery efficiency for most of the proteins (except for Cas9, where E20 tag showed highest delivery efficiency). Once these materials are ready, it takes about ~10 min to make the E-tagged protein and nanoparticle nanoassemblies, which are immediately used for delivery. Complete delivery (~100% for GFP-E10) is achieved in less than 3 h.

A General Method for Intracellular Protein Delivery through ‘E-tag’ Protein Engineering and Arginine Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles